LESSON XXII.
Interjections.
132. The following are the interjections which are most commonly used:—
hei, O!
adohi, alas.
amboi, an expression of astonishment.
cheh, pshaw, an expression of disgust or scorn.
wah, tush, an expression of astonishment, displeasure, disbelief or disgust.
ya, O! (Arabic) in addressing the Deity or holy persons.
nah, there, take it.
nyah, go away, be gone.
sayang, kasehan, what a pity.
Punctuation words.
133. Malay, when written in the Arabic character, has no punctuation marks, but several different words are used to introduce new sentences, and thus serve the same purpose, and are known as punctuation words. Some of these are not necessary to the sense, and do not always require to be translated. The following are those most frequently used:—
Maka is the most common of all. As a rule it has no equivalent in English, but occasionally it may be translated by the English word “and.” It is often used to introduce the principal sentence when preceded by an adverbial clause, see paragraphs 138-140.
Bhawa is used to introduce direct or indirect narration.
Ada-pun sometimes introduces a parenthetical clause, at other times a statement of fact or a recommencement of narrative after a, digression or any interruption of the story.
Al-kesah is used where a new chapter or division of the narrative commences, usually after a digression. Where a work consists of a series of different stories, this word is sometimes placed at the beginning of a new story.
Shahadan introduces a new aspect or division of a subject.
Shahadan lagi or s-bagai lagi may introduce yet another division of a subject.
Bermula or s-bermula may be used at the commencement of an entirely new subject, as at the beginnings of chapters, etc.
Dan-lagi means “furthermore,” and continues the same or a similar subject.
