Za ز = English z, e.g. zaman. But it is often corrupted by Malays to j, e.g. pauh janggi for pauh zanggi.
Shin ش = sh, but often corrupted to s.
Ṣâd ص a very strongly articulated s popularly pronounced as an ordinary s. But educated Malays pronounce this and the four following letters very gutturally. This habit gives a throaty sound to the accompanying vowel, while leaving the consonant practically unaffected.
Dlad ض a sort of aspirated d pronounced something like the combination dth. Educated Malays pronounce it as a soft th: retha, kathi, but the ignorant as l: rela. Sometimes it is pronounced as d: fěduli. Its common romanized form dl as in redla, hadlir combines the Arabic d and the Malay l.
Ṭâ ط a strongly articulated palatal t, but Malays pro- nounce it as ordinary t.
Tlâ ظ a strongly articulated palatal z, but like dlâd pronounced by Malays as l or dh: lohor, dhohor.
'ain ع a strong guttural commonly pronounced by Malays like an alif: adat. In the middle of a word its presence is often marked by doubling the vowel or by a pause: maana, ma’na, but not always, mana also being heard.
Ghain غ pronounced by Malays like r with a burr: e.g. ghaib as raib, mashghul as mashrul.
Fa ف = f, often pronounced by Malays as p, e.g. paham, arip.
Ḳâf ق a deep faucal k, but commonly pronounced by Malays as ordinary k. The letter is wrongly used (but not sounded as a ق) in Sanskrit words, e. g. لقس laksa.
§ 14. Accent.
The need to discuss accent tends to give an exaggerated idea of its importance in Malay. It is necessary to bear in mind that there is no strong accent on any syllable in a
