must be identical, viz., تولڠ and توڠگل or else the well-established and convenient use of the huruf saksi to represent the accented vowel, i.e. the penultimate, must be abandoned. The theory is artificial, arbitrary and impracticable.
(2) Another theory would revert for guidance in the employment of the huruf saksi to the same system that determined the use of the vowel points in the seventeenth century; namely, for the determination of vowel sound in rare words. It has historical basis, but what are rare words? For the pundit, simple terms of husbandry; for the peasant, the Sanskrit and Arabic loan-words of literature.
(3) A third theory would employ huruf saksi to distinguish words like tolong and tulang which otherwise would be spelt alike. This might be a serviceable empirical device, but strict scientific uniformity would entail encyclopaedic knowledge of every word in the language.
(e) Modern spelling has adopted hamzah ء, which is rare in early MSS., to indicate:
(1) As in Arabic a break between two vowels, of which the first is a and the second begins with the spiritus lenis, or in other words when an a sound passes on to another vowel only by means of a gentle aspirate—it never marks a break between vowel and semivowel. For instance کايّل = kai-yil, کايل = kail a diphthong; with hamzah کأيل = ka'il; and so too with لأين lain and لأوت laut, though such words are commonly written without hamzah. سئيکور sa-ekur, سئورڠ sa-orang, سئيکت sa-ikat, کألتن kěalatan, ککيأن kěkayaan, کأنم kěěnam, يأيت ia itu, نمأي namaï—it must be noted that when a word beginning with alif is preceded by sa the alif of that word is omitted.
(2) As an alternative to ق, indicating the glottal check, تيرؤ tirok, داتؤ datok, انچئ inchek.
