weapon; singa lion; surga heaven; tenggala plough; upaya resources.
Arabic loan-words deal especially with the sphere of religion and law; but as Marsden maintained not so many are so common in conversation that they can be considered Malay by adoption. Among the commonest are:
alam world; arif wise; akal ingenuity; adat custom; dunia world; fikir think; kadar power, ability; kubur a grave; kuat strong; shak doubt; sěbab cause; sujud kneel in prayer.
A few Persian words occur, mainly in literature, and perhaps they came through a Hindustani channel:
astana palace; bandar seaport; běděbah unlucky; biadab discourtesy; biapĕri merchant; darya sea; diwan court of justice; gandum corn; jadah bastard; jam clock; juadah cakes; kawin marry; kenduri feast; lashkar soldiery; mohor di-mark; nafiri trumpet; nakhoda master of a ship; nesan grave-stone; pahlawan champion; pĕri fairy; sakar sugar; sakhlat broadcloth; sěrban turban; těrmasa show.
Hindustani are jori buggy; lagam bit; ras reins; sardi glanders; tan stable.
Tamil supplies a small number of established loan-words:
kapal steamer; katil bed; ketumbar coriander; kolam pond; maligai tower; měmpělai bridegroom; mutu carat; tandil overseer; tirai curtain.
Chinese loan-words are rare rare and apply to Chinese things:
kongsi a (secret) society; loki Chinese courtesan; loteng upstairs floor; lu you; pekong joss; tanglong lantern.
Of Western languages Portuguese has left a great number of words describing articles of European culture:
bangku bench; bělědu velvet; bola ball; bomba pump; garfu fork; kěbaya gown; lelong auction; meja table;
