NG as in singing, banging, never as in tingle, sponging.
NY as in new, nude, or NI in minion (never as N in no); the Spanish N.
P as in English but as a final often reduced before a vowel to a mere glottal check.
R like the Scotch guttural R in Perak and the Northern States; in the South as in English only more distinct.
S as in sister or hiss, not his; i.e. always clearly enunciated.
T as in top, toddle: as a final often reduced, like P, before a vowel to a mere glottal check—ěmpa' orang.
W as in English.
Y as in English.
Arabic Sounds.
Though they can rarely pronounce them, Malays have incorporated in their alphabet letters representing foreign Arabic sounds.
Tha = TH but commonly pronounced S, e.g. thalatha pronounced as sělasa, ithnain as isnain.
Hâ = H a strong aspirate, never omitted in spelling or pronunciation, e.g. hakim, hukum, hak, haji.
Kha = KH, a hard guttural like CH in loch, commonly pronounced by Malays as K, e.g. khabar.
Dzal = DZ, Z or corrupted J.
Za = English Z, e.g. zaman, often corrupted to J, e.g. zanggi, janggi.
Shin = SH, often corrupted to S.
Sâd = S, often corrupted to S.
Dlad = DL pronounced by the educated as dth, e.g. hathir, retha, kathi but by the ignorant in some words as L, e.g. rela and sometimes it = D, e.g. fěduli.
Tâ, a strongly articulated palatal T but pronounced by Malays as ordinary T.
Tlâ, a strongly articulated palatal Z but in Malay speech L or DH, e.g. lohor, dhohor.
